The Cloud Going Beyond The Contractarian Paradigm

Privacy in the Cloud: Going Beyond the Contractarian Paradigm Masooda N. Bashir, Jay P. Kesan, Carol M Hayes and Robert Zielinski 1. Citation Bashir, M, Hayes, C, Kesan, J Zielinski, R 2011, â€Å"Privacy in the Cloud: Going Beyond the Contractarian Paradigm†, Proceedings of the 2011 Workshop on Governance of Technology, Information, and Policies, pp. 21-27, December 2011 2. Purpose of the Article The purpose of the article is to provide a brief summary of cloud computing, a relatively new concept that has emerged with the increasing use of technology. In describing cloud computing, the article also informs the general public of its limited privacy and security levels, one of the main issues currently surrounding cloud computing. The article evaluates existing laws governing the privacy and security of the information and data of individuals, prompting readers to be more cautious in their use of the cloud. 3. Key Information 3.1 Cloud Computing Cloud computing is defined by the article as the use of various softwares (such as hardware, storage and systems software) based in large global data centres rather than in local servers in personal computers. Cloud computing is believed to provide a range of benefits such as increased flexibility, reliability, portability and efficiency. It will simplify devices as well as reduce costs and the time taken to complete tasks. However, at the same time, cloud computing gives rise to security, privacy and legal issues. Some of these

Testing Anxiety Has A Major Effect On The Outcome Of...

Testing anxiety has a major effect on the outcome of student’s placement on standardized tests. Throughout my education experience I have struggled with taking tests. Furthermore, tests have affected the outcome of my educational career. On the other hand, I have overcame those hardships because of the opportunities I was given. Well, Mike Rose in â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average† understands what it feels like to be misplaced. Throughout that time period, Mike Rose’s test and some other person with the last name Rose got their test scores mixed up. Furthermore, this was the start of how it affected Mike Rose’s academic career. Mike Rose and I have had many similar predicaments with what the effects of standardized tests can do to our literacy ability. Standardized tests effected his performance in school by a decline in his academics. Furthermore, Mike Rose got effected by standardized tests because his test got mixed up with another student and that student did poorly on it which affected Mikes path in High School. The school Mike Rose went to had two different paths to graduate, the college prep or vocational track. Mike Rose should have been put in the college prep track based off of his scores, but because of the switch he got put in the vocational track. When Mike was in the vocational track for two years he felt degenerated, lost the capability to want to learn, did not care about his future. Until one of his classes he started getting outstanding grades and his teacherShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Utilization Of Standardized Testing Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesutilization of standardized testing. Supporters of standardized testing view it was an objective way to evaluate student achievement across the globe. (Jain, L. Role and Benefits of..) According to the US Department of Education,†If teachers cover subject matter required by the standards and teach it well, then students will master the material on which they will be tested--and probably much more.† Meaning, teaching to the test is not necessarily a negative thing as it allows the student to focus onRead MorePsychological Assessment5471 Words   |  22 PagesPYC4807 Assignment 03 Unique Assignment number: 739624 Name: Tanja Bohler Student Number: 30440351 Address: PO Box 17139 Dubai United Arab Emirates A Discussion on Psychological Assessment in Early Childhood. ASSIGNMENT 03 – PYC4807 – STUDENT NUMBER 30440351 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. Reasons for Assessing Young Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Tests for Infants and Preschoolers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 4 5 4. Factors of Childhood Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 PagesIn this general scenario,   Impairment was defined as any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function.   Impairment is a deviation from normal organ function; it may be visible or invisible (screening tests generally seek to identify impairments). Disability was defined as any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.   Impairment does notRead MoreLearning Environment and the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Akwa-Ibom State11343 Words   |  46 Pagesdraw their major clientele (students) for admission into their different programmes. It, therefore, presupposes that the provision of qualitative education is the sine qua non for the attainment of the goals of secondary education. Nevertheless, the main objectives of the secondary education in Nigeria as contained in the National Policy of Education are as follows: 1. To develop the personal capacity of individuals 2. To prepare pupils for the world of work and 3. To prepare students for the nextRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 PagesCLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 T R U T H or F I C T I O N â€Å"Jerry Has a Panic Attack on the Interstate† Interviewer: Can you tell me a bit about what it was that brought you to the clinicRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageslicense. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor toRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizationsRead MoreStudy Guide Essay25129 Words   |  101 PagesISBN-13: 978-0-13-257614-7 Author(s): Gary Dessler Publisher: Pearson 925 North Spurgeon Street, Santa Ana, CA 92701 Phone: 714-547-9625 Fax: 714-547-5777 www.calcoast.edu 10/14 Study Guide Seventh Edition, 2013 BAM 411 Human Resource Management Message From the President W elcome to California Coast University. I hope you will find this course interesting and useful throughout your career. This course was designed to meet the unique needs of students like you who are both highly motivatedRead MoreImpact of merger and acquisition on employee motivation12272 Words   |  50 Pagesespecially in the United States. The telecommunication sector experienced no exclusion to this phenomenon and the three major telecommunication mergers included MCI and Verizon, Sprint and Nextel, and BellSouth and ATT. As a result, the telecom playfield faced a whole new level of competitiveness and consequential obstacles. Similarly, the Telecommunication sector in the United Kingdom has also seen several mergers and acquisitions in the past decade. Despite the sudden popularity of mergers and acquisitionsRead MoreThe For Helping Others With The End Game Of Jumping9894 Words   |  40 Pagesprovision, lack of funding for essential programs as well as other factors interfere with reaching this aim. Moreover, so often the behavioral healthcare profession, due to its roots in the medical model, â€Å"treatment is successful elimination of symptoms† has left out th e most important part of helping clients: to achieve rehabilitation and truly flourish. As a Bachelor’s level case manager working on an ACT team (Assertive Community Treatment) I see the multidisciplinary team I work with striving to help

Connected Products Transforming Companies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Connected Products Transforming Companies? Answer: Introduction The expansion is said to be the part of the business cycle at the time when a company moves from the trough to a peak level. It is referred as a time period when the business activitys level flows and GDP (gross domestic product) expands till it touches a highest point or peak. A period of expansion or development is also considered an economic recovery. The report is being projected to identify the potential influencing marketing for ALDIs future global expansion strategy. A justification will be provided for the chosen potential market with the help of macro analysis i.e. PESTLE. Along with this, the application of 5 Forces Model will be done to critically analyze the competitive intensity of the industry. Further, the report will perform the internal analysis on behalf of ALDI supermarket chain. In the end, it will suggest the various modes of entry for ALDI to enter the potential market. Overview of ALDI ALDI is the brand of two discount supermarket chain and has a leading position in the global market with stores in 18 countries. It has been estimated that the turnover of the supermarket is more than 50 billion. The supermarket is based in Germany and the chain was started in 1946 by Theo and Karl Albrecht brothers. ALDI is very famous in America and is counted in one of the favorite grocery stores. The growth success is recognized by the commitment of the company of making efficiencies at each level- from the construction of the store to the particular product. Every phase of their functions is reinvented in order to increase the product quality and customers savings (Aldi, 2018). About potential countries Czech Republic- Czechia is another name of Czech Republic. The country is placed in central Europe due to which the company has been selected for the expansion of the business. It includes the ancient provinces of Moravia and Bohemia along with the Silesias southern tip, cooperatively known as Czech Lands. The Czechia name was adopted in 2016 as a summarized, name for the Czech Republic (Trade Portal, 2018). New Zealand- New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean. The country includes two main islands one South and North Island. The country has developed the country and has high rank while comparing it with the national performance in terms of health, education, and quality of life. The country is welcoming the international companies so that they can develop the better opportunities. Aldi Company needs the evaluation in which the 2 countries represent the most potentially attractive target market. Comparative PESTLE analysis of those macro-environmental factors of 2 countries that are relevant to Aldi is discussed in the Appendix. The rating to factor is given which helps in selecting the country for the expansion of the business in Appendix. Selection of country Aldi Company should expand its business in New Zealand market because the opportunity for growth is vast in the country. Though, this is the fact that Supermarkets of New Zealand found the fall in the past years during 2013-2014. Since then, the industry presented the modest growth every due to strengthening income and population migration. The annual growth is expected in the industry is 0.3% during 2013-2018. Aldi can bring the growth in the supermarket industry of New Zealand by providing facility to the customers who include online grocery shopping (IBIS World, 2017). New Zealand country is selected after the comparative analysis of both the country. There were few aspects which were good in the Czech Republic such as double population than New Zealand. The more population simple means the maximum purchase from supermarkets but this is also the fact that these people are migrated from different places which means that the supermarket might face difficulty in identifying the need of different consumer from a different background (Afonina and Chalupsk, 2012). Apart from this, the political instability in the country may lead to many other problems for the company. Therefore, New Zealand is the best selection for the Aldi Company. PESTLE analysis of New Zealand Political factors- The political factors include the rules and regulations formed by the government. New Zealand government is stable due to which the companies find the opportunity of success in the market. The rules and regulations in the country fluctuate after 3 years as the new government makes new rules and regulations (Faarup, 2010). In New Zealand, the business freedom is 99.9% and the trade freedom is 84.6% which reflects that New Zealand market is good for business and trading. Economic factors- The GDP of the country is expected to rise to $207 billion by the year 2018. This shows that the people can purchase the product due to high purchasing power in New Zealand. The economy of the country shows that if any company expand the business then they need to invest huge amount for generating profit. The above image shows that the economic aspects of the New Zealand which include the rise purchasing power of the people, GDP, national saving and in the service sector of the company. Social factors- The social factors of the country show that most of the people in the country are literate and know very well what they are buying from the market and at what price. The society of the country is good but this is also the fact that New Zealand is depended on business with other countries due to which they welcome new companies (Research and Markets, 2018). The population of the country is approximately 4,510,327 (by the year 2017 est. July). Out of these, 71.2% people are European, 14.1% are Maori, and 11.3% are Asian and rest are from different states. Considering the ethnicity of the country, every people in the country have their own perception, taste, choices which might affect the Aldi Company. Technological factors- The country has significantly developed in different types of product technology but for the new technology, the country is depended on other countries. Many international companies bring new technology in New Zealand then the company adopts those technologies in their country. It is suggested that there should be the presence of research and development centers in the country which will help the country in the technology advancement. Legal factors- The international business companies can do their business without any fear of the legal implication in the business activities. This will also provide the opportunity to the company to generate the profit. The legal system of New Zealand consists of common law system that is based on the English model with the special legislation and law courts for the Maori (Source: Central Intelligence Agency, 2018). Environmental factors- The company and society of country is responsible for the environmental obligations due to which they fulfill all their duty towards the environmental suitability. Though, the country is facing some of the environmental issues which include deforestation, soil erosion, native flora and fauna for which the country has brought new technology that helps the country to become pollution free (Haberer, 2010). Moreover, there are some agreements which are undertaken in New Zealand and these agreements include Antarctic-Environment Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection and many other (Source: Central Intelligence Agency, 2018). Porters Five Forces of Aldi in New Zealand Porters Five Forces is a tool that is essential for the companies to identify the analysis of the competitiveness of business (Rothaermel, 2015). Below given is an analysis of Aldi considering the selected market that is New Zealand: - Bargaining power of suppliers The retail industry suppliers provide the products at the fewer prices than the current market to the giant retailers like Aldi. Thus, the company finds low bargaining power of suppliers in New Zealand because if in case the suppliers ask for the high prices then the supermarkets offer the product to the customers at high prices which they wont be able to purchase (Porter, 2008). Therefore these results in a decrease in sales and revenue of retailers and suppliers due to which the suppliers offer the products at low prices. In addition, the suppliers of the country dont perform the tie-up with the new entrance and generally, they ask high amount from companies which lead to the problem for Aldi. Threats of New Entrants Opening store at the large level needs huge capital investment which decreases the new entrants in the market. Aldi has the medium threat of new entrants in the market of New Zealand because there is the presence of local farmers who sell their products to customers along with this there are many other supermarkets who are present in the country. Moreover, there are many international supermarkets across the world that can expand the business in New Zealand which is the biggest threat to the company (Kotler, 2015). This supermarket includes IGA, Whole foods, Lidl and many others. Bargaining threat of buyers The buyer of the company has high bargaining power because there are many companies in New Zealand that are involved in selling products at low prices. If in case the buyers find the high price of any product at Aldi then they can easily switch from one supermarket to another as most of the stores are located at the prime locations which give an opportunity to easily access them. Apart from it, there a number of stores who offer the loyalty points and rewards to their customers this help them in retaining the customers like Woolworths, countdown, FoodStuff, and many others. Aldi supermarket does not offer any such kind of offers to its customers which is one of the negative aspects of the company. Therefore, it is recommended to the company to offer discount and bonus to their loyal customers. Threat of Substitutes The products that are offered by the Aldi supermarket are similar than its competitors. Ever giant retailer has tie-ups with different brands due to which they are able to offer variety in the products to the customers (Porter, 2008). Similarly, in the New Zealand market, the company will offer the same products that are offered by the existing Supermarket of the country. Therefore, the customer can easily substitute their preference for the supermarket in the competitive market of New Zealand. The industry players of New Zealand perform the activities like advertising, marketing, price reduction, offers and many other things which will lead the problems of Aldi. Hence, the company will face the high threat of substitutes in the market. Competitive Rivalry The competition in the retail industry is aggressive because the competitors of the company offer the same products at same prices. Aldi will find the strong competition from the Countdown, a well-known full-service supermarket chain, and a subsidiary of PE (Progressive Enterprise) who is subsidiary of Woolworths Limited. Apart from Countdown, there are other companies who can give strong competition such as FoodStuff, New World, PaknSave, etc. All these supermarkets are currently focusing on the prices because of high competition (Euromonitor International, 2016). Even a difference of few cents will be highlighted by a competitor through marketing and advertisement which helps them in attracting the customers. Porters value chain A value chain is a strategic tool that is used by the companies to perform the internal analysis of the firm activities. According to Michael Porter, the value chain refers to as the framework that provides the analysis of specific internal activities of the company that create value and competitive advantage (Porter and Heppelmann, 2015). Below given is the value chain analysis of Aldi Company that is essential for the company to enter the chosen market. There are basically two major activities that are involved in the value chain activities and these activities are primary activities and support activities. Primary activities The aim of the primary activities of the value chain is to uphold the competitive advantage of delivery and production of the product. This activity plays a vital role in supporting the country to enter the new market (Riasi, 2015). The primary activity of the value chain includes the following: - Inbound logistics The inbound logistics are associated with the activities of receiving and storing the materials that are essential for producing goods. Over here, Aldi Company purchases the material in bulk to manufacture its own product with its own brand name. This shows that the company has its own production factories. Purchasing the material in bulk helps the company in saving the cost and ultimately prolongs a competitive advantage over the other competitors of New Zealand. Operations Operations show the lifecycle of the products and services offered by the company (Kotler, 2015). Aldi Company has its own brand so they are able to attract the customer to visit again and again to their stores for purchasing the non-compromising quality and services which will help the company in New Zealand. The company gets the products from their own manufacturing factors so they can ensure the quality of products at low cost. Outbound logistics These logistics are a concern with the accessibility of the offering of services and product to the customers. The company has its own transportation and distribution facility through which they will be able to provide the products. Aldi will open the stores at prime locations so that the customers can easily access the goods and services. In Addition, this is the fact that the company makes use of the vendor quality management system that helps in ensuring the quality and freshness of the products. Thus, this helps the company in establishing its place in the market of New Zealand. Marketing and Sales Every company makes use of marketing and sales strategies so that they can grab the attention of maximum customers and they can target the maximum audience (Wilson and Gilligan, 2012). Aldi also makes use of the marketing and sales strategy related to the save money in all the possible way. Though, the company is bringing the changes in the marketing strategy by cutting the cost and passing the saving to the customers ultimately. This strategy will also provide the support to the company to enter the selected market. Service This element includes the service that is offered by the company to its customers. Aldi is able to provide services through an online medium as this is one of the effective ways through which they can make the product accessible to the customers. The refund policies along with the less waiting time will help the company in generating customer satisfaction. The company should innovative new service in New Zealand to make good position and profit. Through, this service the aim of the company is to provide excellent satisfaction to the customers. Support activities Firm infrastructure The company has the good infrastructure at their stores which provide convenience to customers to fetch the products of different brands (Chernev, 2014). The infrastructure of stores is one of the effects through which the company can provide the satisfaction to the customers. Aldi should upgrade its store as this will make the appearance attractive for the customers in the New Zealand market. Human resource Aldi hires people having good knowledge of products in which company deals. Similarly, in New Zealand, the company will hire the skilled and educated person which is essential to understand the preference of people. The human resource will help the company in making a profit in the country. Technology development The development of the technology supports the Aldi to expand the business in the other markets. They make use of advanced technology to enhance the sales of the products and to generate the revenue. Procurement Procurement includes the procuring of good that is offered by the company to its customers. Aldi maintains a warehouse in which they store all the goods of different brands because the company purchases the goods in bulk from brands (Wang and Pizam, 2011). This is the only way through which the company can procure the goods in New Zealand as well. Mode of entry in the market There are different types of market mode of entry that are used by companies to enter the market such as joint venture, franchising, whole owned subsidiary, licensing and many others. Every market entry mode has its advantages and disadvantages but out of these modes of entry joint venture is suggested to the company. The joint venture is going be one of the effective ways with the help of which the company can enter into the market of New Zealand. The joint venture is a business entity that is formed between two or more parties generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks and shared governance (Hennart, Sheng, and Pimenta, 2015). Justification The reason behind the selection of joint venture as the mode of entry is because the company is not aware of the market of New Zealand. Joint venture with a company who is already established in the market of New Zealand will help the company in understanding the preference of customers so that they try to understand the needs and expectations of the customers. If the company will be able to meet the expectation of customers then they can gain the market easily. The major advantage that the company is going to get if the company select joint venture as a mode of entry is getting details of brands and smooth dealing with a supplier which is very much important for the business (Hennart, Sheng, and Pimenta, 2015). Apart from this, it is a fact that the market of Supermarket in New Zealand is fluctuating so if the company bear any loses they can distribute the loss and profit too. The joint venture will be effective as the company will be able to invest more amounts in establishing the business in New Zealand. More amounts will help the company in extending its services and marketing tactics in New Zealand. This is the fact the company is involving first time in the joint venture but this will be beneficial for the firm as they will get to know about the business agreements involved in joint ventures. Moreover, the company will find that this mode of entry is suitable for them or not after involving in the joint venture so that they can involve again in a joint venture for expanding business in other countries. This will also help them in improving the relationships between Australia and New Zealand governments along with this company don't have to spend the whole amount for the expansion. Thus, this will give rise to other companies to perform trading with New Zealand. In Addition, there is always a first time for the company to get involved in different modes of entry. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that the Aldi should expand the business in New Zealand market as the company will not face any problem in terms of political, legal, technological and environmental factors. Though the company will not be able to generate the high profit which was possible to generate in the Czech Republic but then the company might not be able to perform the smooth operation. The selection is done considering the expected growth in the supermarket industry of New Zealand. Further, the report includes the detailed analysis on the basis of which decision is based and the appropriate market mode of entry. References Adamkasi (2016) PESTLE-PESTLE Analysis of New Zealand [online]. Available from: https://freepestelanalysis.com/pestel-pestle-analysis-of-new-zealand/ [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Adamkasi (2016) Porters Five Forces Analysis of Aldi [online]. Available from: https://www.porteranalysis.com/porters-five-forces-analysis-of-aldi/ [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Afonina, A. and Chalupsk, V. (2012) The current strategic management tools and techniques: The evidence from the Czech Republic. Economics and Management,17(4), pp.1535-1544. Aldi (2018) Aldi History [online]. Available from: https://corporate.aldi.us/en/aldi-history/ [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Central Intelligence Agency (2018) The World FactBook [online]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Chernev, A. (2014)Strategic marketing management. Cerebellum Press. Euromonitor International (2016) Grocery Retailers in New Zealand [online]. Available from: https://www.euromonitor.com/grocery-retailers-in-new-zealand/report [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Export.gov (2017) Czech Republic - Information Technology [online]. Available from: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Czech-Republic-Information-Technology [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Faarup, P.K. (2010)The marketing framework. Academica. Haberer, J. (2010)Strategic Management-Aldi. GRIN Verlag. Hennart, J.F., Sheng, H.H. and Pimenta, G. (2015) Local complementary inputs as drivers of entry mode choices: The case of US investments in Brazil.International Business Review,24(3), pp.466-475. IBIS World (2017) Supermarkets, Grocery Stores, and Convenience Stores - New Zealand Market Research Report [online]. Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/nz-market-research-reports/retail-trade/supermarkets-grocery-convenience-stores.html [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Kotler, P. (2015)Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Lucintel (2012) PESTLE Analysis of Czech Republic: 2012-2017 [online]. Available from: https://www.lucintel.com/pestle-czech-republic-2017.aspx [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Lucintel (2013) PESTLE Analysis of New Zealand 2013 [online]. Available from: https://www.lucintel.com/pestle-of-new-zealand-2013.aspx [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Porter, M.E. (2008) The five competitive forces that shape strategy.Harvard business review,86(1), pp.25-40. Porter, M.E. (2008)On competition. Harvard Business Press. Porter, M.E. and Heppelmann, J.E. (2015) How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), pp.96-114. Research and Markets (2018) PESTLE Analysis Of New Zealand 2013 [online]. Available from: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2628067/pestle_analysis_of_new_zealand_2013 [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Riasi, A. (2015) Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27. Roland (2014) Groceries Industry Report Nz Seo Reach [online]. Available from: https://www.firstdigital.co.nz/blog/2014/01/23/groceries-industry-report-nz-seo-reach/ [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Rothaermel, F.T. (2015)Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Trade Portal (2018) Czech Republic: Economic And Political Outline [online]. Available from: https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/analyse-markets/czech-republic/economic-political-outline [Accessed 18th February 2018]. Wang, Y. and Pizam, A. eds. (2011) Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications. Cabi. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C. (2012)Strategic marketing management. Routledge.

The Last Hippie Summary free essay sample

The subjects name was Greg. He was born and raised in Queens, New York to a professional family. His greatest passion in life was music, and more specifically The Grateful Dead. As years went on Greg became defiant and started using drugs. Mainly, he enjoyed taking acid. Eventually, Greg left home to join the Krisha Hare. Greg started to complain of dimming eyesight, but the people of the Krishna Hare church only attributed it to his growing inner light. Eventually, Gregs parents came to visit him after some years and were mortified to see that their son was not only fat and bald, but now he was completely blind. Greg was soon admitted to Williamsbridge hospital where it was discovered that a benign tumor had grown large enough to damage his the frontal lobe of his brain. This caused severe brain damage impairing Greg’s cognitive thinking and completely destroyed his vision. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Hippie Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because Greg’s brain was damaged in such a way, he was not aware that he was blind. In one instance, in an eager attempt to teach him how to read braille, Greg was emotionally distressed when he thought others thought he was blind because he â€Å"obviously wasn’t†. Dr. Sacks also writes how Greg would â€Å"watch television†, but facing the opposite wall. Possibly the greatest struggle for Dr. Sacks, while treating Greg, was his inability to retain learned information. Greg could remember things from the sixties so vividly, but could not remember a short melody that Sacks would play for him only a few minutes prior. His short-term memory was completely lost with the damage to his frontal lobe. At the end of Sacks writings about Greg, he tells the story about how he took Greg to his most beloved Grateful Dead show at MSG. The next day when Sacks mentions The Garden to Greg, he promptly responds with Ive never been to the Garden making this study both paradoxical and dismal. References: Sacks, Oliver, and A. Freeman. An anthropologist on Mars. Journal of Consciousness Studies 1.2 (1994): 234-240. Gay, George R., et al. Love and Haight: The sensuous hippie revisited. Drug/sex practices in San Francisco, 1980–81. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14.1-2 (1982): 111-123. Urey, H. C., and A. H. W. Aten Jr. On the chemical differences between nitrogen isotopes. Physical Review 50.6 (1936): 575. Smith, David E. Runaways and their health problems in Haight-Ashbury during the summer of 1967. American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 59.11 (1969): 2046-2050. Boer, A. P., and C. N. Sipprelle. Induced anxiety in the treatment for LSD effects. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 17.2 (1969): 108-113. Williams, Frank S. Alienation of youth as reflected in the hippie movement. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 9.2 (1970): 251-263.

Censorship Essays (1412 words) - Cryptographic Software,

Censorship During the last decade, our society has become based on the sole ability to move large amounts of information across great distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyone's life in numerous ways. The natural evolution of computer technology and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global network allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and allows a common person to access wealths of information worldwide. This newfound global network, originally called Arconet, was developed and funded solely by and for the U.S. government. It was to be used in the event of a nuclear attack in order to keep communications lines open across the country by rerouting information through different servers across the country. Does this mean that the government owns the Internet, or is it no longer a tool limited by the powers that govern. Generalities such as t! hese have sparked great debates within our nation's government. This paper will attempt to focus on two high profile ethical aspects concerning the Internet and its usage. These subjects are Internet privacy and Internet censorship. At the moment, the Internet is epitome of our first amendment, free speech. It is a place where a person can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say or how they choose to say it. But also contained on the Internet, are a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists' cookbooks, and countless other things that offend many people. There are over 30 million Internet surfers in the U.S. alone, and much is to be said about what offends whom and how. As with many new technologies, today's laws don't apply well when it comes to the Internet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers can not be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carries because of privacy; or is it like a broadcast medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? The problem we are facing today is that the Internet can be all or none of the above depending on how it is used. Internet censorship, what does it mean? Is it possible to censor amounts of information that are all alone unimaginable? The Internet was originally designed to "find a way around" in case of broken communications lines, and it seems that explicit material keeps finding its "way around" too. I am opposed to such content on the Internet and therefore am a firm believer in Internet censorship. However, the question at hand is just how much censorship the government impose. Because the internet has become the largest source of information in the world, legislative safeguards are indeed imminent. Explicit material is not readily available over the mail or telephone and distribution of obscene material is illegal. Therefore, there is no reason this stuff should go unimpeded across the Internet. Sure, there are some blocking devices, but they are no substitute for well-reasoned law. To counter this, the United States has set regulations to determine what is categori! zed as obscenity and what is not. By laws set previously by the government, obscene material should not be accessible through the Internet. The problem society is now facing is that cyberspace is like a neighborhood without a police department. "Outlaws" are now able to use powerful cryptography to send and receive uncrackable communications across the Internet. Devices set up to filter certain communications cannot filter that which cannot be read, which leads to my other topic of interest: data encryption. By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E-mail packet may pass through hundreds of computers between its source and destination. At each computer, there is a chance that the data will be archived and someone may intercept the data, private or not. Credit card numbers are a frequent target of hackers. Encryption is a means of encoding data so that only someone with the proper "key" can decode it. So far, recent attempts by the government to control data encryption have failed. They are concerned that encryption will block their monitoring capabilities, but there is nothing wrong with

Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essays

Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essays Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essay Skepticism Philosophy Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Peloponnesian War Incredulity: It comes from the Grecian word skeptikoi which means â€Å"seekers† or â€Å"inquirers. † It refers to the critical attitude wherein a adult male inquiries different things including the well-known absolute truth or cognition. Note that incredulity ( philosophical that is ) should be contrasted with philosophical bigotry wherein the latter is the direct antonym of the former. Philosophic bigotry refers to an attitude wherein a adult male believes to hold absolute truth/knowledge ( â€Å"dogma. † intending rigorous regulations ) . Short History of Skepticism Classical Skepticism. Gorgias A Sophist who believed that nil truly exists. He lived from 483-376 B. C. ( Leontini. Italy ) . He went to Athens to carry through his mission as an embassador. He was a pupil of Empedocles. In Greece. he was the wise man of Thucydides ( writer of the Peloponnesian War ) and Isocrates. His issue with respect to the doctrine of being can be understood by holding a full clasp on the logical contradiction. His whole thought of being commences from the premiss that nil exists. Or. if something exists. it must come from another beginning. The beginning of the being of â€Å"something† is said to be unknowable. Besides. Gorgias postulated that a â€Å"being† should come from another being. It is impossible for this being to come from nil. We can see Gorgias as a Sophist instead than a skeptic. It should be noted. nevertheless. that early incredulity came from the early sensed doctrine. and that is Stoicism. Philosophical Skepticism The followers are the philosophical enquiries of the sceptics: 1. Epistemology Can adult male attain absolute cognition? Where does the absolute cognition come from? How does feel perceptual experience operate in the service of accomplishing cognition? 2. Metaphysicss What is/are the composition/s of the existence? What are the separating characteristics of human nature? Does God be? 3. Ethical motives What should be the measure uping factors to measure human behavior? Is it possible for adult male to find whether an action is morally right or incorrect? 4. Metaphilosophy Is Philosophy important to human life? What are the proper purposes and ends of philosophical enquiry? Phyrro and Stoicism He is considered as the earliest philosophical sceptic in Western doctrine. He lived from 360 to 270 B. C. Some bookmans find a political beginning of Phyrro’s incredulity in this: on the theory that traumatic periods produce disenchantment and surrender. the souring and obsolescence of traditional beliefs. a retentive relativism of beliefs. virtuousnesss. and habits that will non delegate absolute high quality to any. and a demand for new methods of get bying in a feverish universe. Taught that peace of head was the highest terminal of life and that cognition of truth was required to achieve and keep it. Phyrro consequently sought truth. nevertheless for every philosophical inquiry that the Stoic doctrine replies ; it is being contradicted by several other schools of idea. What was worse was that each place had grounds and grounds to back up itself and to overthrow and rebut its oppositions. He gave up in desperation and admitted to himself that he could non make up ones mind among them and did non cognize what was true. The Stoics were accused by the Greeks as advocates of bigotry: It is the direct antonym of incredulity. A doctrinaire is certain that cognition is possible. because he is certain that he hold some. A individual is still a doctrinaire even if he is non certain. but still asserts something to be true. whether on a intuition. an intuition. and a sensed plenty of grounds. mystical urges. blazing bias. or crackbrained repeat. A. Academic Skepticism Asserts that at least some truths are wholly unknowable. Cicero postulated that: â€Å"Nothing could be known except the place that nil else could be known. † B. Empirical Skepticism An empirical sceptic is person who refuses to accept certain sorts of claims without first subjecting them to a series of scientific probe. Difference between an empirical sceptic and philosophical sceptic: a philosophical skeptic denies the really being of cognition while an empirical skeptic simply seeks for cogent evidence before accepting a claim. C. Scientific Skepticism A subdivision of empirical incredulity that addresses scientific claims. It uses scientific techniques in order to formalize the acquired cognition. D. Religious Skepticism It refers to incredulity towards religion. Religious sceptics based their claims harmonizing to immortality. Providence and disclosure. A spiritual sceptic is non needfully an atheist or an agnostic. David Hume: He was born in Edinburgh. Scotland. David was merely two old ages old when his male parent died. He was fond of analyzing Mathematics. History. Ancient and Modern Philosophy and Science. His major philosophical plants are: o A Treatise of Human Nature ( which he completed from 1739-1740 ) O Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding ( 1748 ) o Refering the Principles of Morals ( 1751 ) O Dialogues Concerning Religion ( 1779 ) He is besides considered as one of the best British empiricists along with George Berkeley and John Locke. His doctrine was partly influenced by Adam Smith ( his stopping point friend ) and Cicero ( ancient philosopher ) . David Hume’s Skeptic View on Reality and Human Belief David Hume is one of the greatest sceptics in the history of Philosophy. He besides influenced the development of the two philosophical schools of idea: empiricist philosophy and incredulity. Hume’s View on Reality Harmonizing to Hume. there are two differentiations of mental construct. to humor. feelings and thoughts. Impression – refers to the direct. vivid. and forceful merchandises of immediate experience. Ideas – these are simply lame transcripts of these original looks. It should be emphasized that these two differentiations should be treated individually with each other. Hume’s View on Human Belief Relations of Ideas/Priori – beliefs grounded on associations formed within the head. Matters of Fact/Posteriori – beliefs that claim to describe the nature of bing things. _____________________________________________________________________________ GROUP FOUR: UTILITARIAN PHILOSOPHY Basic Concepts ( Formal Definitions ) Etymologically talking. the word â€Å"utilitarianism† comes from the Latin word utilis. which means â€Å"useful. † In Ethics. utilitarianism is a philosophy that what is utile is good. and accordingly. that the ethical value of behavior is determined by the public-service corporation of the consequence. Utilitarian philosophers believe that it is normal for human existences to execute activities which lead towards felicity ( that is. to maximise felicity and to avoid hurting ) . This theory is under the normative political theory. Normative Political Theory – this theory asks a peculiar inquiry as â€Å"what is ought to be† as compared to the inquiry â€Å"what is† in political life. It is non confined on the scene or building moral theories. nevertheless. it analyzes the effects of the constructed moral theories in the political life of an person and how it is being applied/practiced in the existent political sphere. This attack of the normative political theory is spearheaded by Jeremy Bentham. He is a extremist nineteenth century societal reformist. who is seemingly a useful. Bentham argues that the nature of human existences is to obtain felicity ( complacency ) and to avoid hurting. In this respect. the morally right political determinations are based on the corporate felicity of the society. This corporate felicity may be characterized in the signifier of public-service corporation. This public-service corporation could be of any sort that would convey felicity to the society ( i. e. belongings. advantage. chance. goods. services etc. ) . Bentham did non supply theories or methods on how to achieve societal public-service corporation or maximization of felicity. Harmonizing to him. the attainment of felicity depends on how an single defines his/her felicity. In connexion to this. every member of the society which comprises the whole society should consolidate their definition of felicity in order to obtain societal public-service corporation. It should be emphasized that Bentham was focused on the involvement of community/group. The supreme aim of moral action and the foundation on which all morality should be grounded is the accomplishment of the greatest happiness/satisfaction of the greater figure. Nature of Utilitarianism Because this doctrine is greatly focused on the accomplishment ( or maximization ) of felicity. it doesn’t matter whether the consequence of the effect is good or bad. Remember the celebrated axiom of Niccolo Machiavelli: â€Å"the terminal justifies the agencies. †  · Hedonism It refers to an political orientation wherein felicity can be found between pleasance and hurting. Utilitarian philosophers besides use â€Å"hedonistic calculus† wherein they believe that a moralist could easy find the unit of pleasance and of hurting. O Bentham’s â€Å"hedonistic calculus† has similar construct with the theory of Epicurus. O The hedonic concretion is used to find the entire sum of pleasance and hurting of an person. O Moral agent –person who conducts hedonic concretion. Historical Traces of Utilitarian Philosophy It is believed that Utilitarian doctrine flourished in England. We can presuppose the fact that utilitarianism came from English doctrine. Some historiographers argued that Richard Cumberland originally perceived the thought of utilitarianism. He was an English philosopher and theologian ( bishop of Peterborough ) . Afterwards. a British â€Å"moral sense† philosopher clearly defined the useful doctrine. Francis Hutcheson did non merely explicate the philosophical position of utilitarianism which is â€Å"the greatest felicity for the greatest numbers† but he besides provided for a mechanism for ciphering the appropriate effects of the activities to achieve such felicity. This mechanism is called â€Å"moral arithmetic. † Jeremy Bentham. a outstanding figure in useful doctrine. admitted that he found the rule of public-service corporation from the Hagiographas of the following eighteenth century minds: O Joseph Priestly – a priest who was known for his find of â€Å"oxygen. † o Cesaria Beccaria – an expert in legal affairs ( Italian legal theoretician ) . o Claude-Adrien Helvetius – writer of a doctrine of â€Å"mere esthesis. † John Gay ( scriptural bookman and philosopher ) – he considered God’s will as the greatest modification factor for virtuousness. Furthermore. he argued that God’s goodness is the beginning of human felicity. Utilitarian Philosophers 1. Jeremy Bentham ( Developer of Utilitarian Philosophy ) Life: Bentham was a legal theoretician. linguist. societal philosopher and political militant. He came from a affluent household from England. Bentham was sent to Westminster School ( one of the esteemed school in England ) and Queen’s College Oxford. He was besides a practicing attorney ; nevertheless. he showed an firm involvement in doctrine. o He examined the philosophical plants of David Hume. Helvetius and Beccaria. Finally. he started to organize his ain thought of utilitarianism. o Bentham argued that the turning away of hurting and the chase of pleasance are the natural thrusts of human activity. as recognized by the â€Å"principle of public-service corporation. † 2. William Paley Life: Paley was born in July. 1743 ( Peterborough. England ) . He attained his spiritual grade ( Anglican priesthood ) at Christ’ College in Cambridge. He became a coach of Christ College three old ages after he graduated from the declared school. Harmonizing to Paley. utilitarianism is a combination ofindividualistic hedonism ( average between pleasance and hurting ) and theological dictatorship. 3. James Mill Life: Mill was born in April 6. 1773 ( Forfarshire ) . He was a boy of cobbler in Montrose. He was sent to the University of Edinburgh in 1790 and his instruction was financed by Sir John Stuart. James Mill received his M. A. grade in Edinburgh. He was a full pledged sermonizer. However. Mill bit by bit lost his religion and decided to reassign in Scotland until John Stuart invited him to populate in London. He became a author of the Literary Journal in London. It can be said that the closing of the Literary Journal had made him write assorted essays. articles and other literary plants such as his reappraisal on the history of Corn Laws and etc. He was the male parent of John Stuart Mill. another useful philosopher. Harmonizing to Mill. the turning away of hurting and the chase of pleasance are the two primary motivation forces behind human actions. He besides justified the being of the authorities in the society. He stated that the establishment of the authorities exists to guarantee these twin purposes ( maximization of pleasance and turning away of hurting ) are fulfilled for the greatest figure of people possible. Effectss of Utilitarianism in Other Disciplines Utilitarian doctrine has been so of import to the Fieldss of political relations. jurisprudence and economic sciences. Its theories are still relevant in the modern-day times particularly in rendering of import political determinations. care of societal stableness ( chase of pleasance and turning away of hurting ) and etc. A. Law For case. some viewed penalty as tantamount to â€Å"retributive theory. † This theory merely states that a condemnable ( i. e. convicted raper. liquidator or robber ) should be punished to pay for his offense. Harmonizing to the useful doctrine. penalty is served non to ease retribution/retaliation but to reform the felon and insulate the society from him. B. Politicss V Harmonizing to the useful philosophers. the best signifier of authorities is democracy. Social contract. natural rights and natural jurisprudence are the bases of authorities authorization and importance of single rights. V â€Å"Democracy† comes from the Grecian word demos which means â€Å"people. † It coincides with the philosophical purpose of useful doctrine wherein the general involvement of the people ( and maximization of their felicity ) should be the footing of the government’s political determinations. V Utilitarian doctrine is besides known for its comparative positions on socio-political issues. Harmonizing to this doctrine. a strong authorities should be needed to keep the selfish involvements of its topics. As mentioned before. one of the chief duties of the authorities is to keep the stableness of political order. Based on this rule. the useful statement is on the side of conservative/authoritarian place.  § Nazi Germany ( Adolf Hitler )  § Soviet Union ( Joseph Stalin )  § Cuba ( Fidel Castro ) On the other manus. William Godwin ( laminitis of philosophical anarchism ) had an optimistic position of human nature ( parallel to the philosophical theory of John Locke with respect to human nature ) . Harmonizing to him. the chase of greatest felicity may take into â€Å"philosophical anarchism. † Philosophical anarchism – Godwin emphasized that values must be profoundly imbibed in every person. Furthermore. he argued that sufficient supply of goods ( economic resources ) should be every bit distributed to guarantee that the economic demands of the society are decently fulfilled. He hoped that authorities governments must explicate Torahs to equalise the unjust distribution of wealth. Furthermore. Godwin stated that the authorities should minimise its engagement to advance academic freedom. C. Economics. Early useful philosophers argued that the authorities should non tamper on economic personal businesss of the society. Subsequently on. they admitted that the authorities has a important function in the economic system. Jeremy Bentham’s Mode of Thinking Theory of Psychological Hedonism Harmonizing to Bentham. human behaviour can be explained by mention to the primary motivations of pleasance and hurting. Pleasure and hurting – it is believed that nature has placed mankind under the administration of these two motivations. Utilitarian philosophers ever ask inquiries affecting â€Å"what we ought to do† and â€Å"what we shall make. † Bentham argued that the human person is the basic unit of societal domain. An individual’s relation with others is unneeded of being what he is. He defined â€Å"relation† as a fabricated world. Community. on the other manus. refers to the amount of the involvements of the persons who composed it. However. there are some cases that the involvements tend to collide with each other. Such happening diminishes the chief construct of â€Å"community† ( amount of the involvements of the persons ) . Bentham argued that the authorities and statute law should work together to harmonise the aforesaid struggle. Bentham’s Moral Theory The followers are the features of Bentham’s moral doctrine:  · Principle of public-service corporation It is synonymous to the â€Å"greatest felicity rule. † It concerns the involvements of the people who are in inquiry ; it can be the whole community. an person or a little part of the group. Bentham enumerated the advantages of the rule. to humor: O The rule should non be consulted to metaphysics philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Thus. the chief kernel of the rule can be easy grasped. O The useful rule offers nonsubjective standard of right and incorrect – application of hedonic concretion  · Universal egoism or selflessness Assuming that the said establishments ( authorities and statute law ) successfully harmonized the involvements of every person in the community. the people may be given to work selflessly to prosecute the common good. O Altruism – it refers to the unselfish concern to the general public assistance of others. Determination of common involvement Hedonistic Ethics Utilitarian moralss can be defined as an art in which man’s action is geared towards maximal measure of felicity. Bentham’s Political Theory Harmonizing to Jeremy Bentham. one can understand jurisprudence and political relations if he/she has a good appreciation of human nature. On Liberty Bentham defined autonomy as a freedom from any external control. A individual can be considered as â€Å"free† if he/she is non under the influence of another individual. In his theory on autonomy. Bentham argued that there is no such thing as a â€Å"state of nature† and societal contract. He postulated that the latter is merely historical and fresh literature. On Law Bentham viewed jurisprudence as a restriction/limitation of autonomy. It can be considered as hurting ( a Prima facie evil ) to those whose freedom is restricted. The regulating jurisprudence within the society can non be considered as a â€Å"natural law† because it is harmonizing to the will of the Sovereign ( swayer ) . Bentham proposed that the jurisprudence should be in conformity with the natural jurisprudence. that is. it should be paralleled with the common involvement of the people. The followers are the positive maps of good Torahs ( although Bentham still regarded Torahs as limitation to autonomy ) :  § Good Torahs are indispensable to good authorities.  § Good Torahs are necessary to keep societal stableness.  § Good Torahs develop and protect the people’s personal and material resources. On Rights Bentham’s position on rights can be rooted on his doctrine about natural jurisprudence. Harmonizing to Bentham. rights are produced by Torahs. and as affirmed before. Torahs can be attributed to the will of the Sovereign. Socio-political organisation must be formed in order for these two to be. Bentham related his position on the societal contract theory with the being and usage of rights. Harmonizing to him. it is impossible that rights exist before the constitution of the authorities. Harmonizing to Jeremy Bentham. the theory of societal contract is impossible ( if non historical ) because in order for the said contract to adhere. there must be an constituted authorities to implement such contract.  § In contrary. the authorities must be before the definition of different rights. This would once more. take into the issue with respect to jurisprudence and autonomy ( where the Sovereign dictates the sum of autonomy and rights that should be given to the people ) . John Stuart Mill’s Mode of Thinking Moral Theory J. S. Mill’s two distinguishable attacks to moral theory: Intuitive Approach – cognition is attained without holding an entreaty to see. Inductive Approach – cognition is gained through observation and experience. J. S. Mill’s Utilitarian Philosophy Mill believed that actions are right if they tend to advance felicity and incorrect if they tend to present the antonym of it. For him. felicity can be associated with rational and animal pleasance. He besides stated that everything we desire can be considered as felicity. The followers are some of the illustrations of felicity: Virtue Love of money Power Fame He besides enumerated two sorts of motive: External Motivation – this arises from hope of pleasing or fright of displeasing God and other worlds. Internal Motivation – this arises from responsibility. Duty – it refers to the subjective feeling which develops through experience. Furthermore. worlds have an natural feeling of integrity which guides the development of responsibility towards greater felicity. Mill’s Proof of the Principle of Utility:  · The lone manner to turn out that general felicity is desirable is to demo that people really desire it.  § For case. if X is the lone thing desired. so X is the lone thing that ought to be desired. General felicity is the thing desired. On Justice Apparently. J. S. Mill’s construct of justness is paralleled to the useful doctrine. There are two indispensable elements on justness. to humor: Punishment – it is a combination of societal understanding and retribution Violation of someone’s rights – violation of rights. There are differences in the impression of justness when analyzing theories of penalties. just distribution of wealth and etc.  ¦ Political and Social Philosophy On Individuality – J. S. Mill prescribed two standards to find the best sort of single. to humor: Person who is separately responsible for his ain beliefs and actions. Person who will non merely be happy in his ain instance but will be concerned with and lend to the felicity of others. Social Institutions that Contribute to Individuality: Free and uncensored argument. J. S. Mill regarded autonomy as a cardinal human right. Democracy and representative authoritiess encourage freedom and address.

Forgiveness, Justice, Revenge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forgiveness, Justice, Revenge - Research Paper Example Body Statement III: The biblical story 'Parable of the Prodigal Son’ reinstates 'forgiveness' as the act of remission of sins, which can bring back a repenting person to the path of righteousness, and by doing so, he is saved from being lost again. Body Statement IV: â€Å"The Sunflower† shows the struggle between the inner demon craving for revenge, and the righteousness in an individual by hating the crimes done by himself, as well as the whole Jewish community. Body Statement V: The movie ‘TSOTSI,’ brings to focus the hope forgiveness and social acceptance of Tsotsi. Body Statement VI: In the movie ‘UNFORGIVEN’ the ancient notions of justice are projected, where only the act of vengeance can bring peace to the gratification of mind. Conclusion: Forgiveness, Justice, Revenge 'Forgiveness', 'Justice' and 'Revenge' are the three significant concepts that have allured the writers of all ages. The perspectives about these concepts vary according to the workings of individual mind, and the extremity of victimization. These notions have different meanings attached to them, yet they are closely related to each other. This paper provides a definition to the concept of forgiveness with reference to the concepts of justice and revenge. The thesis statement of this study is that, the concept of forgiveness can be defined as the pardoning of sins, so that we can let go the feeling of hurt from our heart, freeing ourselves from anger, malice and contempt. Barb Toews in her work "Restorative Justice for People in Prison," (What is Restorative Justice?) states that a crime has the power to hurt its victims, offenders, as well as the community. In this book, Toews suggests that the victims and their families, community members and offenders and their families require a variety of lawful needs such as companionship and security, strengthening one’s status, expression of inner thoughts, right to know, development, and transparency . Since each of the lawful needs experienced by the individuals vary from each other, these needs can be met with the help of a community, committed to restorative justice. The needs of those victims struggling with the aftermath of crime, if met in time, can reduce crime the crime rates in future. The victims of today have the potential to become the offenders of tomorrow, as they surrender themselves to the cold-heartedness and self-imprisonment of vengeance. The victims of crime should be served with justice, or else they will be inclined to take law in their own hands, rather than fighting to make the law work. By serving ‘justice,’ the victim is served right, and by forgiving he can let go the hurt caused by the crime. The term ‘forgiveness’ is entangled with the terms: ‘justice’ and ‘revenge’. To define ‘forgiveness’, it is essential to distinguish between ‘justice’ and ‘revenge’. Reveng e is an insane and brutal notion in which a man seeks 'an eye for an eye’. In revenge, an individual cultivates anger and hatred in his soul so much, that his consciousness is overcome by the inner demon. In revenge, a man seeks to outdo injustice with another form of injustice. In other words, it is an act or thought of settling justice in a